References

1. Introduction

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Disparities in potentially preventable hospitalisations across Australia, 2012–13 to 2017–18. Australian Government. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/20bc5bf9-d46c-40a7-96c1-d632a1d448bc/aihw-hpf-50.pdf?v=20230605173952&inline=true

Dental Health Services Victoria. (2024). Public dental dataset (combined data 2019/20–2022/23) [Unpublished internal dataset]. 

Do, L.G, & Spencer, A. (2016). Oral health of Australian children: the National child oral health study 2012–14. University of Adelaide Press.

Do, L. G. (2020). Guidelines for use of fluorides in Australia: Update 2019. Australian Dental Journal, 65(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12742

Graesser, H., Sore, R., Rogers, J., Cole, D., & Hegde, S. (2022). Early childhood caries in Victorian preschoolers: a cross-sectional study. international dental journal, 72(3), 381-391.

2. Oral anatomy, development, and habits in childhood

Adekoya-Sofowora, C. A. (2008). Natal and neonatal teeth: A review. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 15(1), 38–41.

Ata-Ali, F., Ata-Ali, J., Peñarrocha-Oltra, D., & Peñarrocha-Diago, M. (2014). Prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of supernumerary teeth. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 6(4), e414–e418. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.51499

Letra, A., Chiquet, B., Hansen-Kiss, E., Menezes, S., & Hunter, E. (2021). Nonsyndromic tooth agenesis overview. In M. P. Adam, J. Feldman, G. M. Mirzaa, et al. (Eds.), GeneReviews® [Internet]. University of Washington, Seattle. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572295

Mindell, J., & Owens, J. (2010). A clinical guide to pediatric sleep: Diagnosis and development of sleep problems (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Raising Children Network. (2025). Teeth development, dental health and dental care for school-age children. https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/health-daily-care/dental-care

Harrison, M., Cameron, A. C., & Widmer, R. P. (2022). Dental anomalies. In A. C. Cameron & R. P. Widmer (Eds.), Handbook of pediatric dentistry (5th ed., pp. 306–367). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-7985-6.00011-5

4. Maintaining good oral health

Lustosa, K., Rodrigues, L. R. S., Rocha, R. M., Prudente, T. P., Mezaiko, E., Silva, F. P. Y., & Silva, B. S. F. (2025). Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry.

Pitts NB, Twetman S, Fisher J, Marsh PD. Understanding dental caries as a non-communicable disease. Br Dent J. 2021 Dec;231(12):749-753. doi: 10.1038/s41415-021-3775-4. Epub 2021 Dec 17. PMID: 34921271; PMCID: PMC8683371.

Raju, K., & Berens, L. (2021). Periodontology and pregnancy: An overview of biomedical and epidemiological evidence. Periodontology 2000, 87(1), 132-142.

6. Conditions affecting the oral cavity

Dental Practice Education Research Unit. (2022). Classification of periodontal diseases. Colgate Periodontal Education Program, The University of Adelaide.

Eichenfield, L., & Larralde, M. (2004). Neonatal and inherited disorders. In L. Schachner & R. Hansen (Eds.), Pediatric dermatology (pp. 211–214). Mosby.

Koch, G., Kreiborg, S., & Andreasen, J. (2009). Eruption and shedding of teeth. In G. Koch & S. Poulsen (Eds.), Pediatric dentistry: A clinical approach. Wiley Blackwell.

Harris, E. (2008). Incision and draining of a dental abscess. In C. King & F. Henretrig (Eds.), Textbook of paediatric emergency procedures (p. 659). United States of America.

Micali, G., & Dhawan, V. (2010). Cellulitis. eMedicine. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053686-overview

Preeti, L., Magesh, K., Rajkumar, K., & Karthik, R. (2011). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 15(3), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.86669

Better Health Channel. (n.d.). Cold sores. Victorian Government. Retrieved October 3, 2025, from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cold-sores

Department of Health, Victoria. (n.d.). Hand, foot and mouth disease. Retrieved October 3, 2025, from https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

7.  Medication and oral health references

Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. (2024). Doxycycline. In AMH Children's Dosing Companion (2024/25 ed.). https://childrens.amh.net.au/monographs/doxycycline

Birant, S., İlisulu, S. C., Kılıç, S., et al. (2024). An in vitro assessment of teething gels’ effects on human gingival mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Oral Health, 24, 573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04213-w

Doufexi, A., Mina, M., & Ioannidou, E. (2005). Gingival overgrowth in children: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and complications. Journal of Periodontology, 76(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2005.76.1.3

Goswami, M., Johar, S., & Khokhar, A. (2023). Oral health considerations and dental management for epileptic children in pediatric dental care. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 16(1), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2516

Healthdirect Australia. (2023, April). Dental care for babies and children. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dental-care-for-babies-and-children

Mastora, A., Vadiakas, G., Agouropoulos, A., et al. (2017). Developmental defects of enamel in first permanent molars associated with use of asthma drugs in preschool aged children: A retrospective case-control study. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 18, 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-017-0280-1

Memarpour, M., Soltanimehr, E., & Eskandarian, T. (2015). Signs and symptoms associated with primary tooth eruption: A clinical trial of nonpharmacological remedies. BMC Oral Health, 15, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-015-0070-2

Moreira, L. V., Galvão, E. L., Mourão, P. S., et al. (2023). Association between asthma and oral conditions in children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 27, 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04803-4

Rajasekaran, J. J., Krishnamurthy, H. K., Bosco, J., Jayaraman, V., Krishna, K., Wang, T., & Bei, K. (2024). Oral microbiome: A review of its impact on oral and systemic health. Microorganisms, 12(9), 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091797

Ramírez-Rámiz, A., Brunet-LLobet, L., Lahor-Soler, E., & Miranda-Rius, J. (2017). On the cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug-induced gingival overgrowth. Open Dentistry Journal, 11, 420–430. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601711010420

Randell, T. L., Donaghue, K. C., Ambler, G. R., et al. (2003). Safety of the newer inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma. Pediatric Drugs, 5, 481–504. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128072-200305070-00005

Safety information on benzocaine-containing products | FDA. (n.d.). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/safety-information-benzocaine-containing-products

Teoh, L., & Moses, G. M. (2020). Are teething gels safe or even necessary for our children? A review of the safety, efficacy and use of topical lidocaine teething gels. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(4), 502–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14738

The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. (2016, September 13). Vitamins and kids – Do they really need them? RCH News. https://blogs.rch.org.au/news/blog-vitamins-and-kids-do-they-really-need-them/

The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. (2018). Medicines for children and medicine reactions. Kids Health Info. https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Medicines_for_children_about/

Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. (2023). Dental caries. In Therapeutic Guidelines: Oral and Dental. Retrieved June 25, 2025, from https://tgldcdp.tg.org.au/viewTopic?guidelinePage=Oral%20and%20Dental&topicfile=dental-caries

Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. (2023). Dental management – neurological conditions. In Therapeutic Guidelines: Oral and Dental. Retrieved June 25, 2025, from https://tgldcdp.tg.org.au/viewTopic?guidelinePage=Oral%20and%20Dental&topicfile=dental-management-neurological-conditions

Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. (2023). Dental management – respiratory conditions. In Therapeutic Guidelines: Oral and Dental. Retrieved June 25, 2025, from https://tgldcdp.tg.org.au/viewTopic?guidelinePage=Oral%20and%20Dental&topicfile=dental-management-respiratory-conditions

Therapeutic Goods Administration. (2008). Product information: Ferro-Liquid. Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved June 26, 2025, from https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/servlet/xmlmillr6?dbid=ebs/PublicHTML/pdfStore.nsf&docid=154466&agid=(PrintDetailsPublic)&actionid=1

Williams, G. D., Kirk, E. P., Wilson, C. J., Meadows, C. A., & Chan, B. S. (2011). Salicylate intoxication from teething gel in infancy. Medical Journal of Australia, 194, 146–148. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04201.x

Woodcock, A. (1997). Use of spacers with metered dose inhalers. The Lancet, 349(9050), 446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80005-2

9. Fluoride references

Chu, B., Mei, M., & Lo, E. (2010). Use of fluorides in dental caries management. General Dentistry, 58(1), 37–43.

Department of Health. (2023a). Water fluoridation for healthy teeth: Community information. Australian Government Department of Health. https://www.health.gov.au/topics/dental-health

Department of Health. (2023b). Water fluoridation in Victoria. Victorian Government. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/water/water-fluoridation-in-victoria

Cameron, A., & Widmer, R. (2022). Handbook of paediatric dentistry (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.

Do, L. G., Ha, D. H., Roberts-Thomson, K. F., & Spencer, A. J. (2020). Dental fluorosis in the Australian adult population. Australian Dental Journal, 65(Suppl 1), S47–S51. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12764

Food Standards Australia New Zealand. (2024). Proposal P1028 – Infant formula: Review of regulatory requirements. https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/food-standards-code/proposals/P1028

Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health. (2006). The use of fluorides in Australia: Guidelines. Australian Dental Journal, 51(2), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00427.

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1. Oral health: Importance and policy context

2 Oral anatomy, development, and habits in childhood

3 Tooth decay: understanding the process

4 Maintaining good oral health

Mouth checks

6 Conditions affecting the oral cavity

Medication and oral health

8 Dental services

9 Fluoride